What is it? Health Canada classifies antimicrobials based on their importance in human medicine as follows [1]: Category I: Very High Importance These antimicrobial drugs have no or limited alternatives available and are essential for the treatment of serious infections. Category II: High Importance These antimicrobial drugs often gave an alternative available but are still […]
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What is it? The Canadian Round Table for Sustainable Beef (CRSB) Certification is a neutral third-party certification program for beef cattle. It is centred around the following 5 principles [1]: Natural Resources: maintain and enhance the health of the surrounding environment People & the Community: recognize and respect the role of all participants within the
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What is it? Wastewater tracking, or wastewater surveillance, is the detection and measurement of a certain indicator or target from the wastewater system. Anywhere from 30-90% of antibiotics are excreted in waste, often still in a biologically active form [1]. This waste can also contain antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Monitoring trends in antimicrobial use (AMU) and
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What is it? RFID (radio frequency identification) tags are a tool used to support the traceability of livestock in Canada. They are regulated by the Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (CCIA). RFID tags may also be referred to as animal indicators. A tag is placed on a calf’s ear prior to leaving the cow/calf ranch and
What is it? The Canadian Government created the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, or CARSS, in response to the growing global concern about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) [1]. The first CARSS report was issued in March 2015. CARSS monitors antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR in Canada by integrating data from various surveillance systems, including CIPARS [1].
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Well-designed facilities are essential to reducing cattle injury and stress during handling or treatment. Ideal facilities have: Good lighting without shadows, Ample space to reduce crowding, Working chutes that are curved and sufficiently narrow to maintain forward movement and prevent cattle from turning around, Dry and level ground conditions. An animal standing in the crowd
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What is it? Principles of cattle movement is one of the key areas to be considered in low stress animal handling. Cattle move smoothly and more willingly for handlers with calm and quiet handling techniques and an understanding of cattle behavior related to herd instinct, flight zone and points of balance, and reactions to wind,
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Delivery Methods Traditional vaccine delivery is by means of a needle and syringe, administered by hand, usually into a large muscle group. Alternate delivery methods have been developed to reduce the labor required, increase the efficiency and accuracy of dosing each animal, and explore different methods of introducing antigens into the body. Timing Because it
Challenges Vaccines may have limited efficacy, limited duration of immunity, and potentially severe side effects [1]. Field strains of pathogens evolve quickly and may not be matched by the vaccine strain, resulting in limited efficacy [1]. Some vaccines are not effective on the field strains present in Canadian herds. There is limited commercial interest in
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What is it? Animal handling principles are meant to support and facilitate the movement of livestock in a safe and minimally stressful way. By understanding how livestock naturally behave, handlers can work with the animal to get them where they need to be, while reducing the risk if injury to both the animal and the
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