Surveillance initiatives are key to monitoring trends in antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance.
Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS)
A program that collects, analyzes, and communicates trends in antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR development in both human and animal populations across Canada.
Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARRS)
CARSS monitors antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR in Canada by integrating data from various surveillance systems, including CIPARS.
Wastewater Tracking
Wastewater tracking is the detection and measurement of a certain indicator or target from the wastewater system.
Passive Data Collection
Technologies are being investigated to make collection of data less labor intensive and time consuming.
Further Reading
Research Gaps
- There is limited data for AMR prevalence in domestic animals, wildlife, some livestock species, and the environment. These areas are outside of the scope of many existing programs. [1, 2]
- Antimicrobial use data from many regions of Canada is limited. [1, 2]
- Sentinel farms (a few representative farms) are used to approximate larger AMR and AMU trends in the CIPARS program. [1, 2]
- Aggregated national data can hide regional or local variations. [3]
Product/Service Gaps
- Collection of data is labor intensive and time consuming.
- There is a need for systems or technologies to improve the efficiency and reduce required labor.
- Data collected from different systems aren’t currently compatible or comparable. [1, 3] Potential solutions may include:
- Standardization of data collection best practices and data input formatting, and/or
- Comprehensive data integration system set up to accept various forms of input, possibly incorporating machine learning/AI.
- Data that has been collected is not easily accessible. [1, 2]
References
[1] McCubbin KD, Anholt RM, de Jong E, Ida JA, Nóbrega DB, Kastelic JP, et al. Knowledge Gaps in the Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance in Canada. Front Public Heal. 2021 Oct 20;9:1523. Available online at: Frontiers | Knowledge Gaps in the Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance in Canada (frontiersin.org) (accessed September 4, 2022).
[2] Otto SJG, Miazga-Rodriguez M, Saxinger LM. Progress on Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Surveillance in Canada (2014-2019). (2020). Available online at: https://nccid.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Final_IntegratedAntimicrobialResistance_Feb23.pdf (accessed June 15, 2022).
[3] Stephen C, Parmley J, Dawson-Coates J, Fraser E, Conly J. Obstacles to developing a multinational report card on antimicrobial resistance for Canada: an evidence-based review. (2007) Microb Drug Resist. 2007;13(4):251-260. doi:10.1089/mdr.2007.702. Available online at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18184051/ (accessed September 4, 2022).
