{"id":563,"date":"2022-05-26T17:13:10","date_gmt":"2022-05-26T23:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/?page_id=563"},"modified":"2022-09-09T13:31:16","modified_gmt":"2022-09-09T19:31:16","slug":"cow-and-calf-ranch","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/cow-and-calf-ranch\/","title":{"rendered":"Cow-Calf Ranch"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-62916a90 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-style:solid;padding-top:25px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:25px;padding-left:25px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<h6 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-heading\">On This Page:<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"#ranchoverview\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">Overview<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"#ranchopportunities\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">System Opportunities<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"#ranchsystemelements\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">System Elements<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Life on a Beef Ranch\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zB-c914VsIc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">Life on a beef ranch. W.A. Ranches. Courtesy of the University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group alignwide has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#f8f4e4;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ranchoverview\">Cow-Calf Ranch Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-extra-small-font-size\" style=\"color:#000000\">Cow-calf ranches are characterized by large areas of pasture where cows and their calves can roam and graze. Bulls are generally brought into the pastures for a few weeks in early summer. Nine months later, in early spring, it is calving season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-extra-small-font-size\" style=\"color:#000000\">By restricting the period of time when bulls and cows can mate, the producers condense the calving season to just a few weeks. This helps ensure that the calves will mature together, maintaining a relatively uniform size and weight. It also helps ranchers keep close watch on the cows during calving season to ensure they can be on-hand for any birthing complications. In Alberta, where winter weather often persists into spring, ranchers also need to be ready to step in to prevent new calves from freezing to death if they are born in dangerously cold weather.  The risk of cold-weather births is offset against the higher price that heavier\/older calves will fetch at auction in the fall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Calves are fitted with plastic ear-tags shortly after birth to help identify them and match them with their dams (mothers). Cows have been known to try to steal each other&#8217;s calves! As part of Canada&#8217;s identification system, a <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canadaid.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\">Canadian Cattle Identification Agency<\/a> Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag will later be fixed to the calf&#8217;s ear, but this is not required until the calf leaves the ranch. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-578 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/UofC_VetMed.0520.fin_-600x400.jpg 600w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/683;\" \/><figcaption><sup>A calf at W.A. Ranches. Photo courtesy of the University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:17px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Growing up in wide open fields, the calves don&#8217;t have much interaction with humans during their first months of life. The ranchers try and limit their interactions with the animals because it can be very stressful on the calves. In addition, it takes time and effort to round up the cattle and herd them into a facility, for instance for vaccinations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the biggest challenges with respect to AMR is the transfer of ownership that usually occurs when the calves are sold from cow-calf ranches. At auction, calves are sold by weight. There is little or no economic incentive for cow\/calf ranchers to invest in the calves&#8217; resilience to disease by performing labor- and cost-intensive processes like <a href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/2022\/05\/02\/two-stage-weaning\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"451\">two-stage weaning<\/a>, because they are not likely to recoup their losses. Explore the <a href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/weaning\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1216\">Weaning<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/sales-and-transport\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"568\">Sales and Transport<\/a> sections to learn more.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#7bdbb57a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"springprocess\">Spring Processing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In their first few months of life calves are gathered up and temporarily separated from the cows to undergo some essential processes. There are some variations depending on the management decisions of the ranch, availability of infrastructure and labor, and method preferences, but the following items will be considered. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-11\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"11\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Spring Processing\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>For a first hand account of spring processing from a producer perspective, check out <a href=\"https:\/\/grantranch.ca\/2016\/06\/28\/branding-spring-processing-of-calves\/\">this blog post from Grant Ranch<\/a>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group alignwide has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6d91828e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:20px\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-df642454 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:5px;padding-right:50px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33%\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"ranchopportunities\">Ranch System Opportunities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02-793x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-870 lazyload\" width=\"212\" height=\"273\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02-793x1024.png 793w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02-768x992.png 768w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02-1190x1536.png 1190w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02-1586x2048.png 1586w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/06\/transparent-calf-02-02.png 1823w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 212px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 212\/273;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/immune-support\/stress-reduction\/\">Stress Reduction<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/immune-support\/nutrition\/\">Nutrition<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/immune-support\/vaccinations\/\">Vaccinations<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/immune-support\/unnecessary-antibiotic-use\/\">Avoid Unnecessary Antibiotics<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/treatment-optimization\/rapid-diagnostics\/\">Rapid Diagnostics<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/treatment-optimization\/genomics\/\">Genomics<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/surveillance-and-tracking\/animal-health-records\/\">Animal Health Records<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-ast-global-color-2-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/home\/fighting-amr\/surveillance-and-tracking\/supply-chain-transparency\/\">Supply Chain Transparency<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group alignwide has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#47a67b59\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ranchsystemelements\">Ranch System Elements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The visual below is based on a framework proposed by Davis et al [9]. to investigate complex systems. Click on each of the icons to learn more about each system element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For a text-only version of the visual, you can use <a href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/cow-and-calf-ranch-system-elements\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/cow-and-calf-ranch-system-elements\/\">this page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ranch Elements\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><sup>Photo courtesy of the University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:38px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/topics\/production-practices-on-cow-calf-operations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Beef Cattle Research Council Cow-Calf Ranch Production Practices Information Page<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group alignwide has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#f8f4e4\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[1]&nbsp;&nbsp; K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein et al., \u2018Achieving pain control for routine management procedures in North American beef cattle\u2019, Anim. Front., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 52\u201358, Jul. 2012, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/af.2012-0049\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.2527\/af.2012-0049<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;K. J. Stafford and D. J. Mellor, \u2018Addressing the pain associated with disbudding and dehorning in cattle\u2019, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 226\u2013231, Dec. 2011, doi:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aabp.org\/bmp_task_force\/Castration_Dehorning\/StaffordMelloerpaindisbudding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> 10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.018<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[3]&nbsp;&nbsp; Beef Cattle Research Council, \u2018Pain Mitigation &#8211; BeefResearch.ca\u2019, Beef Research, Jul. 28, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/topics\/pain-mitigation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/topics\/pain-mitigation\/ <\/a>(accessed Aug. 17, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[4]&nbsp;&nbsp; National Beef Quality Audit, \u20182016\/17 Plant Carcass Audit\u2019, Nov. 2018. Accessed: Aug. 17, 2022. [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/NBQA-Carcass-Audit-Mar-27-2018-F.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/NBQA-Carcass-Audit-Mar-27-2018-F.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[5]&nbsp;&nbsp; D. Furber, \u2018Cattle identification: Branding is back\u2019, Canadian Cattlemen, May 20, 2016. Accessed: Aug. 17, 2022. [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canadiancattlemen.ca\/features\/branding-is-back\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.canadiancattlemen.ca\/features\/branding-is-back\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[6]&nbsp;&nbsp; Alberta Government, \u2018Economic Dashboard &#8211; Livestock Prices\u2019.<a href=\"https:\/\/economicdashboard.alberta.ca\/livestockprices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/economicdashboard.alberta.ca\/livestockprices<\/a> (accessed Aug. 17, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[7]&nbsp;&nbsp; L. A. Gonz\u00e1lez et al., \u2018Pain mitigation after band castration of beef calves and its effects on performance, behavior, Escherichia coli, and salivary cortisol\u2019, J. Anim. Sci., vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 802\u2013810, Feb. 2010, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca\/19854991\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.2527\/jas.2008-1752<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[8]&nbsp;&nbsp;J. F. Coetzee, \u2018A review of pain assessment techniques and pharmacological approaches to pain relief after bovine castration: Practical implications for cattle production within the United States\u2019, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., vol. 3, no. 135, pp. 192\u2013213, 2011, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infona.pl\/resource\/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-d2c44974-f0cc-395e-a31c-ff367f1dbd86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.016<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[9]&nbsp;&nbsp; M. C. Davis, R. Challenger, D. N. W. Jayewardene, and C. W. Clegg, \u2018Advancing socio-technical&nbsp;systems thinking: A call for bravery\u2019, Appl. Ergon., vol. 45, no. 2, Part A, pp. 171\u2013180, Mar. 2014, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S000368701300032X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.02.009<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1140\" height=\"641\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/WA-Ranch_BTA_3000px-038.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-577 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/WA-Ranch_BTA_3000px-038.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/WA-Ranch_BTA_3000px-038-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/WA-Ranch_BTA_3000px-038-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/05\/WA-Ranch_BTA_3000px-038-768x432.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1140px) 100vw, 1140px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1140px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1140\/641;\" \/><figcaption><sup>Photo of W.A. Ranches, courtesy of the University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-d445cf74 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-75\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-5-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/weaning\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">Explore Weaning <strong>\u2192<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On This Page: Life on a beef ranch. W.A. Ranches. Courtesy of the University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Cow-Calf Ranch Overview Cow-calf ranches are characterized by large areas of pasture where cows and their calves can roam and graze. Bulls are generally brought into the pastures for a few weeks in early summer. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":442,"featured_media":0,"parent":272,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-563","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cow-Calf Ranch - Antimicrobial Resistance Opportunity Mapping<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/cow-and-calf-ranch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cow-Calf Ranch - Antimicrobial Resistance Opportunity Mapping\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On This Page: Life on a beef ranch. 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