{"id":625,"date":"2022-05-28T13:01:49","date_gmt":"2022-05-28T19:01:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/?page_id=625"},"modified":"2022-09-07T10:51:21","modified_gmt":"2022-09-07T16:51:21","slug":"abattoir","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/abattoir\/","title":{"rendered":"Abattoir and Meat Packing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-62916a90 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-style:solid;padding-top:25px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:25px;padding-left:25px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<h6 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-heading\">On This Page:<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"#Meatoverview\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">System Overview<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"#meatsystemelements\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">System Elements<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:27px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group alignwide has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#f8f4e4\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Meatoverview\">System Overview<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<div style=\"height:47px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meat Processing Plants<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>3 plants in Canada dominate beef processing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>JBS Canada in Brooks, Alberta<\/li><li>Cargill Foods in High River, Alberta<\/li><li>Cargill Foods in Guelph, Ontario<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:45px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, the two plants in Alberta account for 70% of all beef processed in Canada, and all three plants account for an estimated 85% &#8211; 95%, as well as nearly all of Canada&#8217;s $3 billion in beef exports [1, 2]. Both Cargill Foods and JBS are foreign-owned companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hundreds of other processing plants exist in Canada, but they can&#8217;t compete with the huge scales and efficiencies of the three large plants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regulations introduced after the BSE or &#8220;Mad Cow&#8221; crisis in the mid 2000s outlawed the use of high-risk animal parts in animal feed, pet food and fertilizer, which made the profit margins even smaller. [1,3] Additionally, most animal proteins were banned from feed for ruminants (i.e. cattle and sheep) [3]. Without the large throughput required to turn a profit, many facilities went out of business [1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"764\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/Capture-1024x764.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1601 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/Capture-1024x764.png 1024w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/Capture-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/Capture-768x573.png 768w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/Capture-1536x1146.png 1536w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/Capture.png 1717w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/764;\" \/><figcaption>The location of the main 3 meat processing plants in Canada. Blue &#8211; High River; Green &#8211; Brooks; Red &#8211; Guelph. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of the limited number of effective processing plants, the three large plants effectively have a captive supply and can control both the price of cattle paid to farmers, as well as the price of beef paid by consumers [2]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recommendations from the National Farmers Union of Canada to reduce the vulnerability of Canadian producers include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Price floors put in place to ensure producers are paid fairly by the processing plants for their cattle.<\/li><li>Additional measures of Canadian agriculture success, in addition to export volumes.<\/li><li>Developing domestic markets and localized distribution systems with direct, fair and transparent distribution chains [2].<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carcass Quality<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Producing high-quality beef is the goal of producers and processors alike. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bqa.org\/resources\/national-beef-quality-audits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Beef Quality Audit (NQBA)<\/a> evaluates the beef industry and assesses the quality improvement over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carcass quality can be impacted by [4]: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>How it affects<\/strong> <strong>carcass quality<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Cost per head<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>How to prevent<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Liver abscesses<\/strong><\/td><td>Livers with defects may be unfit for human consumption, as well as for pet food. <\/td><td>$20.98<\/td><td>Good feed management practices, such as preventing grain overload. More research is underway to better understand prevention.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bruising<\/strong><\/td><td>Bruising can devalue primal cuts and cause increased trim. <\/td><td>$1.90<\/td><td>Dehorn cattle when they are young. Use low-stress handling, non-slip flooring and smooth surfaces in handling and transport areas. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Horns<\/strong><\/td><td>Horns can cause bruising to the carcass. <\/td><td>$0.06<\/td><td>Dehorn cattle when they are young. Use polled (hornless) bulls when breeding.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Branding<\/strong><\/td><td>Branding results in hide damage. <\/td><td>$1.07<\/td><td>Use alternative forms of identification where possible. Locate the brand on the hip or shoulder, or use a smaller brand, to reduce the damage. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Injection site lesions<\/strong><\/td><td>These lesions occur at the site of the injection and can result in tough beef and increased trim. <\/td><td>$0.56<\/td><td>Replace needles as needed. Injecting in the neck rather than the hindquarters and use subcutaneous injections when possible. Avoid using dart guns. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Tag<\/strong><\/td><td>The manure and mud on the animal&#8217;s hide. Tag damages the hide, decreases the yield, and requires increased labour to remove. <\/td><td>$10.21<\/td><td>Keep pens and transport trucks clean and dry. Ensure pens have good drainage and bedding.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>body condition score (BSC)<\/strong> assesses the amount of body fat on the animal on a scale from 1 (very thin) to 5 (grossly fat). The recommended BSC is around 3. Low BCSs indicate the cattle are underconditioned and may be injured during transport and have low productivity. High BCSs indicate the cattle are overconditioned and may have mobility issues, and if it is a cow they may have increased risk during calving. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Carcass grading<\/strong> is used to measure and communicate the quality of the beef product to the consumer. The Canadian Beef Grading Agency oversees the delivery of these gradings [5]. The grading is based on the age, sex, fat, muscle, meat and marbling of the meat, and is analyzed using computer vision systems to ensure consistency. Grades range from Canada Prime down to Grade E. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1024x680.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1573 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-768x510.png 768w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1536x1020.png 1536w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image.png 1822w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/680;\" \/><figcaption>Image sourced from<a href=\"https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/topics\/carcass-grading\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Beef Cattle Research Council.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Price<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>As meat cuts vary in quality, there is a large range in price per cut. For example, ground beef is much less expensive than a filet mignon or ribeye. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the meat packing plants largely control the price of beef. As Alberta has only two main meat packing plants, they are able to hold a duopoly and control the profit gained by the feedlot operators as well as control the price consumers must pay for the product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exports<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Approximately 48% of Canadian beef is exported [6]. In 2020, Canada exported 937 million pounds (425 million kg) of beef, valued at $3.26 billion. [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A large majority of exports go to the United States, followed by Japan and China. [6,7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"934\" height=\"576\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1789 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1.png 934w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/118\/2022\/08\/image-1-768x474.png 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 934px) 100vw, 934px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 934px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 934\/576;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mad Cow Disease<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), more commonly known as Mad Cow Disease, greatly impacted the processing of beef cattle in Canada. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BSE is a neurological disorder caused by infection with prions [8]. It can take between four to six years after infection for symptoms to start showing, such as changes in temperament and incoordination. The discovery of BSE in Alberta in 2003 resulted in an international trade ban that negatively impacted the livestock industry, resulting in large economic losses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are no treatments currently available for BSE. To prevent the spread, the brain, spinal cord, and several other components of the cow known as specified risk material (SRM) are removed and disposed of [9]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As of May 2021, Canada has been officially recognized by the World Organization for Animal Health as being a negligible risk for BSE [10].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"inherit-container-width wp-block-group alignwide has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#47a67b59\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"meatsystemelements\">System Elements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The visual below is based on a framework proposed by Davis et al. [13] to investigate complex systems. Click on each of the icons to learn more about each system element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For a text-only version of the visual, you can use <a href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/abattoir-and-meat-packing-system-elements\/\" data-type=\"URL\">this page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-15\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"15\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Meat Elements\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><sup>Stock photo.<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:64px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe9cc265 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/meat-processing-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meat-Processing Industry | The Canadian Encyclopedia<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-8-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nfu.ca\/policy\/meat-packing-concentration-makes-canadas-food-system-vulnerable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meat Packing Concentration Makes Canada&#8217;s Food System Vulnerable | National Farmers Union<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:84px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[1]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; J. Edmiston, \u2018Three meat-packing plants turn out 85% of Canada\u2019s beef. How did this happen?\u2019, <em>Financial Post<\/em>, May 06, 2020. Accessed: Aug. 23, 2022. [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/financialpost.com\/commodities\/agriculture\/why-only-three-meat-packing-plants-process-the-vast-majority-of-canadas-beef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/financialpost.com\/commodities\/agriculture\/why-only-three-meat-packing-plants-process-the-vast-majority-of-canadas-beef<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The National Farmers Union, \u2018Meat packing concentration makes Canada\u2019s food system vulnerable\u2019, <em>National Farmers Union<\/em>, Apr. 22, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nfu.ca\/policy\/meat-packing-concentration-makes-canadas-food-system-vulnerable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.nfu.ca\/policy\/meat-packing-concentration-makes-canadas-food-system-vulnerable\/<\/a> (accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[3]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C. F. I. A. Government of Canada, \u2018About Canada\u2019s Enhanced Feed Ban\u2019, Feb. 19, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/animal-health\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/enhanced-feed-ban\/eng\/1424374475489\/1424374476208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/animal-health\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/enhanced-feed-ban\/eng\/1424374475489\/1424374476208 <\/a>(accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[4]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National Beef Quality Audit, \u20182016\/17 Plant Carcass Audit\u2019, Nov. 2018. Accessed: Aug. 17, 2022. [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/NBQA-Carcass-Audit-Mar-27-2018-F.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/NBQA-Carcass-Audit-Mar-27-2018-F.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[5]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Canadian Beef Grading Agency, \u2018Canadian Beef Grading Agency\u2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/beefgradingagency.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/beefgradingagency.ca\/<\/a> (accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[6]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government of Canada, \u2018Analysis of the beef supply chain\u2019, Jul. 29, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/18-001-x\/18-001-x2021002-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/18-001-x\/18-001-x2021002-eng.htm<\/a> (accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[7]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Canadian Beef, \u2018Canada Beef Fast Fact Sheet\u2019. Jun. 2021. Accessed: Aug. 23, 2022. [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/canadabeef.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Canada-Beef-Fast-Fact-Sheet-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/canadabeef.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Canada-Beef-Fast-Fact-Sheet-2021.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[8]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beef Cattle Research Council, \u2018Bovine Respiratory Disease\u2019, <em>Beef Research<\/em>, Jul. 25, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/topics\/bovine-respiratory-disease\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.beefresearch.ca\/topics\/bovine-respiratory-disease\/ <\/a>(accessed Aug. 17, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[9]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government of Canada, \u2018Specified Risk Material &#8211; Requirements for Slaughtering Cattle and Processing Beef\u2019, Nov. 20, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/animal-health\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/srm\/abattoirs-meat-processors\/slaughtering-and-processing\/eng\/1369008282828\/1369008283719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/animal-health\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/srm\/abattoirs-meat-processors\/slaughtering-and-processing\/eng\/1369008282828\/1369008283719<\/a> (accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[10]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government of Canada, \u2018World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) BSE Risk Categorization\u2019, Dec. 16, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/animal-health\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/risk-categorization\/eng\/1363872983008\/1363873065426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/inspection.canada.ca\/animal-health\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/risk-categorization\/eng\/1363872983008\/1363873065426<\/a> (accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[11]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; J. Herring, \u2018Immigrant workers at Alberta meat plants vulnerable to dangerous conditions, research finds\u2019, <em>Calgary Herald<\/em>, Nov. 25, 2021. Accessed: Aug. 23, 2022. [Online]. Available:<a href=\"https:\/\/calgaryherald.com\/news\/local-news\/alberta-meat-plant-workers-vulnerable-to-dangerous-conditions-new-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/calgaryherald.com\/news\/local-news\/alberta-meat-plant-workers-vulnerable-to-dangerous-conditions-new-research<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[12]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; South Dakota State University, \u2018How Much Meat Can You Expect from a Fed Steer?\u2019, Jul. 13, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.sdstate.edu\/how-much-meat-can-you-expect-fed-steer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/extension.sdstate.edu\/how-much-meat-can-you-expect-fed-steer <\/a>(accessed Aug. 23, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">[13]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M. C. Davis, R. Challenger, D. N. W. Jayewardene, and C. W. Clegg, \u2018Advancing socio-technical systems thinking: A call for bravery\u2019, <em>Appl. Ergon.<\/em>, vol. 45, no. 2, Part A, pp. 171\u2013180, Mar. 2014, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S000368701300032X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.02.009.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:45px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-75\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-5-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/feedlot\/\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">\u2190 Explore Feedlot<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-d445cf74 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-75\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-5-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wpsites.ucalgary.ca\/amr-intervention-maps\/beef-cattle-system\/consumers\/\" style=\"background-color:#47a67c\">Explore Consumer Influence \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On This Page: System Overview Meat Processing Plants 3 plants in Canada dominate beef processing: JBS Canada in Brooks, Alberta Cargill Foods in High River, Alberta Cargill Foods in Guelph, Ontario Together, the two plants in Alberta account for 70% of all beef processed in Canada, and all three plants account for an estimated 85% [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":442,"featured_media":0,"parent":272,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-625","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized 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